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Term:OSL5b213dbe439441cbbf0b99baf6a3fe0d (view source)
Revision as of 17:22, 8 February 2023
, 8 February 2023Hopefully enough input
Lukas Gold (talk | contribs) (first draft) |
Lukas Gold (talk | contribs) (Hopefully enough input) |
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*** ConradEnergy (Graphite || LithiumCobaltOxide) | *** ConradEnergy (Graphite || LithiumCobaltOxide) | ||
** Various chemistries | ** Various chemistries | ||
*** Cells from publibly funded projects --> data available for | *** Cells from publibly funded projects --> data available for use in Onterface | ||
*** from typical battery cells | *** from typical battery cells | ||
**** Typical anode (negative electrode) materials: Graphite, LTO | **** Typical anode (negative electrode) materials: Graphite, LTO | ||
**** Typical cathode (positive electrode) materials: LCO, NMC(111, 532, 622, 811), NCA, LNCO, LFP | **** Typical cathode (positive electrode) materials, that are partially outdated, but still in use or state of the art: LCO, NMC(111, 532, 622, 811), NCA, LNCO, LFP | ||
**** Where available: link to terms defined in BattINFO | **** Where available: link to terms defined in BattINFO | ||
* Post Mortem | * Post Mortem procedure | ||
** Discharge of battery cell to lower operational voltage limit | ** Discharge of battery cell to lower operational voltage limit | ||
** Opening of pouch cells in inert gas atmosphere | ** Opening of pouch cells in inert gas atmosphere: Post-Mortem experiments, involving cell opening and lab cell construction were carried out under argon atmosphere. A glove box (MB200MOD, M. Braun Inertgas-Systeme GmbH) ensured a low content of water and oxygen below 1 ppm. | ||
** Harvesting electrodes from pouch cells | ** Harvesting electrodes from pouch cells | ||
*** Washing of electrodes with DMC (or other solvent that is part of the reference electrolyte mixture to be used in later step) to remove residual lithium salts from the original electrolyte | *** Washing of electrodes with DMC (or other solvent that is part of the reference electrolyte mixture to be used in later step) to remove residual lithium salts from the original electrolyte | ||
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*** Reference separator Cellgard (ECC-Pat) / EL-CELL glas fiber | *** Reference separator Cellgard (ECC-Pat) / EL-CELL glas fiber | ||
*** Reference electrolyte LP57 | *** Reference electrolyte LP57 | ||
** Analysis of the chemical composition of the electrodes havested from the pouch cells: From the negative and positive electrodes, two samples at each SoC with a weight of about 1 g were cut and individually dissolved in 30 ml of ''aqua regia'' - a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. The resulting solutions were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The measurements were carried out using a Vista-PRO radial, supplied by Varian Inc. | ** Analysis of the chemical composition of the electrodes havested from the pouch cells: From the negative and positive electrodes, two samples at each SoC with a weight of about 1 g were cut and individually dissolved in 30 ml of ''aqua regia'' - a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. The resulting solutions were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The measurements were carried out using a Vista-PRO radial, supplied by Varian Inc. | ||
=== Data source / Measurements === | === Data source / Measurements === | ||
* Cell tests | * Cell tests / Cycling at Fraunhofer ISC during public funded projects and PhD Thesis project of Lukas Gold | ||
* | * Electrochemical tests: All electrochemical tests were conducted within a controlled environment at a constant temperature of 25 °C. Depending on space requirements and duration of the experiment, a Vötsch VT<sup>3</sup> 4018-S, a Vötsch VT 4021-S, a Weiss WKL 34/70, or a Memmert IPP 260<sup>PLUS</sup> were used to control ambient conditions. A Maccor Series 4000 galvanostat was used to perform cycling tests. | ||
** | ** (Re)creating a uniform SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) with five C/10 constant-current cycles including constant-voltage at cut-off voltag (usually 4.2 V for graphite || lithium transition metall oxide cells) cell voltage until (cut-off) current of C/20 was reached | ||
* Slow (small C-Rate <= 0.1 C) cycling tests | ** Slow (small C-Rate <= 0.1 C) cycling tests: CC-CV capacity test at 0.03 C was done. Cells were cycled between 3.0 V and 4.2 V with a constant current. For the constant voltage charging step, a cut-off current of 0.01 C was chosen. | ||
** High accuracy data recordings with dV <= 5 mV and at least 100 data points per half cycle | *** High accuracy data recordings with dV <= 5 mV and at least 100 data points per half cycle | ||
* Incremental capacity analysis to identify stages and phases utilized within the voltage range, specified in the data sheets of respective parent pouch cells, which the electrodes for the laboratory cells where harvested from | *** To achieve a good resolution in the incremental capacity analysis the depicted cycles were performed at 0.03 C between the voltage bounds, specified by the parenting battery cell’s specification. | ||
*** Plots of cell voltage and individual electrode potentials are derived from the second slow cycle after the formation (following the laboratory cell building) | |||
* Incremental capacity (IC) analysis to identify stages and phases utilized within the voltage range, specified in the data sheets of respective parent pouch cells, which the electrodes for the laboratory cells where harvested from | |||
** IC allows to estimated the cell balancing, e.g., which voltage range and what share of the maximum theoretical capacity of an active material is used | |||
** Cell voltage and electrode potentials are provided for battery cell simulation | |||
=== Result === | === Result === | ||